@article{Wo201735,
title = {The impact of epilepsy on academic achievement in children with normal intelligence and without major comorbidities: A systematic review},
author = {S W Wo and L C Ong and W Y Low and P S M Lai},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85025636897&doi=10.1016%2fj.eplepsyres.2017.07.009&partnerID=40&md5=f34a0aada2cc5dc6e4d6beab18ac779c},
doi = {10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.07.009},
issn = {09201211},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Epilepsy Research},
volume = {136},
pages = {35-45},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Purpose To systematically examine published literature which assessed the prevalence of academic difficulties in children with epilepsy (CWE) of normal intelligence, and its associating factors. Methods A search was conducted on five databases for articles published in English from 1980 till March 2015. Included were studies who recruited children (aged 5–18 years), with a diagnosis or newly/recurrent epilepsy, an intelligent quotient (IQ) of ≥70 or attending regular school, with or without a control group, which measured academic achievement using a standardised objective measure, and published in English. Excluded were children with learning difficulties, intellectual disabilities (IQ < 70) and other comorbidities such as attention deficits hyperactive disorder or autism. Two pairs of reviewers extracted the data, and met to resolve any differences from the data extraction process. Results Twenty studies were included. The majority of the studies assessed “low achievement” whist only two studies used the IQ-achievement discrepancy definition of “underachievement”. Fourteen studies (70%) reported that CWE had significantly lower academic achievement scores compared to healthy controls, children with asthma or reported norms. The remaining six studies (30%) did not report any differences. CWE had stable academic achievement scores over time (2–4 years), even among those whose seizure frequency improved. Higher parental education and children with higher IQ, and had better attention or had a positive attitude towards epilepsy, were associated with higher academic achievement score. Older children were found to have lower academic achievement score. Conclusions In CWE of normal intelligence, the majority of published literature found that academic achievement was lower than controls or reported norms. The high percentages of low achievement in CWE, especially in the older age group, and the stability of scores even as seizure frequency improved, highlights the need for early screening of learning problems, and continued surveillance. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {cited By 8},
keywords = {Academic Achievement, Academic Success, Achievement, Attitude to Health, Autism, Benign Childhood Epilepsy, Children, Children with Epilepsy, Cohort Analysis, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Study, English (Language), Epilepsy, Human, Intellectual Impairment, Intelligence, Intelligence Quotient, Learning Disorder, Observational Study, Parenting Education, Priority Journal, Psychology, Recurrent Disease, Recurrent Epilepsy, Review, Scoring System, Systematic Review, Underachievement},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Salih2012244,
title = {Characteristics of seizure frequency among Malaysian children diagnosed with structural-metabolic epilepsy},
author = {M R M Salih and M B Bahari and M A A Hassali and A A Shafie and O Q B Al-Lela and A Y Abd and V M Ganesan},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870233746&doi=10.4103%2f0976-3147.102596&partnerID=40&md5=039bd22d6c38366ebfdd00a4254c20f0},
doi = {10.4103/0976-3147.102596},
issn = {09763147},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice},
volume = {3},
number = {3},
pages = {244-250},
abstract = {Introduction: Seizure-free patients or substantial reduction in seizure frequency are the most important outcome measures in the management of epilepsy. The study aimed to evaluate the patterns of seizure frequency and its relationship with demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Hospital Pulau Pinang. Over a period of 6 months, the required data were extracted from the medical records using a pre-designed data collection form. Results: Seizure frequency showed no significant association with patient's demographics and clinical characteristic. However, significant reduction in seizure frequency from the baseline to the last follow-up visit was only seen in certain subgroups of patients including Malays, females, patients <4 years of age, patients with global developmental delay/intellectual disability, and patients with focal seizure. There was no significant association between seizure frequency and rate of adverse events. Polytherapy visits were associated with higher seizure frequency than monotherapy visits (27.97 ± 56.66, 10.94 ± 30.96 attack per month, respectively) (P < 0.001). There was a clear tendency to get antiepileptic drugs used at doses above the recommended range in polytherapy (8.4%) rather than in monotherapy (1.4%) visits (P < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between seizure frequency and number of visits per patient per year (r = 0.450, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Among children with structural-metabolic epilepsy, Malays, females, patients <4 years of age, patients with global developmental delay/intellectual disability and patients manifested with focal seizure are more responsive antiepileptic drug therapy than the other subgroups of patients.},
note = {cited By 1},
keywords = {Adolescent, Anticonvulsive Agent, Article, Autism, Benign Childhood Epilepsy, Brain Disease, Carbamazepine, Cerebral Palsy, Children, Chinese, Clonazepam, Cohort Analysis, Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Controlled Study, Corpus Callosum Agenesis, Dandy Walker Syndrome, Degenerative Disease, Developmental Disorders, Disorders of Mitochondrial Functions, Down Syndrome, Epilepsy, Ethnicity, Etiracetam, Female, Focal Epilepsy, Happy Puppet Syndrome, Human, Hydrocephalus, Indian, Intellectual Impairment, Lamotrigine, Major Clinical Study, Malay, Male, Medical Record, Microcephaly, Monotherapy, Preschool Child, Priority Journal, Retrospective Study, School Child, Seizure, Structural Metabolic Epilepsy, Tuberous Sclerosis, Valproic Acid, Wilson Disease},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}