Ujian - National Autism Resource Centre (NARC)

Mohamad, F H; Telah, A T C

The α5-Containing GABA A Receptors—a Brief Summary Artikel Jurnal

Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 67 (2), hlm. 343-351, 2019, ISSN: 08958696, (dipetik oleh 1).

Abstrak | Pautan | BibTeX | Tag: 4 Aminobutyric Acid, 4 Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor, Alpha5 Containing 4 Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor, Haiwan, Autisme, Otak, Cognitive Defect, Cognitive Dysfunction, Drug Effect, GABA Agents, GABA-A, GABAergic Receptor Affecting Agent, Genetik, Manusia, Metabolisme, Bukan Manusia, Protein Subunit, Protein Subunits, Receptors, Kaji semula, Skizofrenia, Dadah yang tidak dikelaskan

@artikel{Mohamad2019343,
tajuk = {The α5-Containing GABA A Receptors—a Brief Summary},
pengarang = {F H Mohamad and A T C Has},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059596842&doi=10.1007%2fs12031-018-1246-4&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=7b2ba0dc86c6c3f890f226cad8195ee5},
doi = {10.1007/s12031-018-1246-4},
terbitan = {08958696},
tahun = {2019},
tarikh = {2019-01-01},
jurnal = {Journal of Molecular Neuroscience},
isi padu = {67},
nombor = {2},
halaman = {343-351},
penerbit = {Springer New York LLC},
abstrak = {GABA A receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the human brain. The receptors are assembled from combination of protein subunits in pentameric complex which may consist of α1–6, β1–3, γ1–3, ρ1–3, δ, ε, θ, or π subunits. There are a theoretical > 150,000 possible assemblies and arrangements of GABA A subunits, although only a few combinations have been found in human with the most dominant consists of 2α1, 2β2, and 1γ2 in a counterclockwise arrangement as seen from the synaptic cleft. The receptors also possess binding sites for various unrelated substances including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and anesthetics. The α5-containing GABA A Rs only make up ≤ 5% of the entire receptor population, but up to 25% of the receptor subtype is located in the crucial learning and memory-associated area of the brain—the hippocampus, which has ignited myriads of hypotheses and theories in regard to its role. As well as exhibiting synaptic phasic inhibition, the α5-containing receptors are also extrasynaptic and mediate tonic inhibition with continuously occurring smaller amplitude. Studies on negative-allosteric modulators for reducing this tonic inhibition have been shown to enhance learning and memory in neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Sindrom Down, and autism with a possible alternative benzodiazepine binding site. Oleh itu, a few α5 subunit-specific compounds have been developed to address these pharmacological needs. With its small population, the α5-containing receptors could be the key and also the answer for many untreated cognitive dysfunctions and disorders. © 2019, Springer Science + Media Perniagaan, LLC, bahagian dari Springer Nature.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 1},
kata kunci = {4 Aminobutyric Acid, 4 Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor, Alpha5 Containing 4 Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor, Haiwan, Autisme, Otak, Cognitive Defect, Cognitive Dysfunction, Drug Effect, GABA Agents, GABA-A, GABAergic Receptor Affecting Agent, Genetik, Manusia, Metabolisme, Bukan Manusia, Protein Subunit, Protein Subunits, Receptors, Kaji semula, Skizofrenia, Dadah yang tidak dikelaskan},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

Tutup

Tan, M L; Ho, BUKAN PERKATAAN; Teh, K H

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders Artikel Jurnal

Pangkalan Data Cochrane dari Ulasan Sistematik, 2016 (9), 2016, ISSN: 1469493X, (dipetik oleh 6).

Abstrak | Pautan | BibTeX | Tag: Gangguan Defisit Perhatian, Autisme, Carnosine, Anak-anak, Diet Supplementation, Drug Effect, Gastrointestinal Symptom, Manusia, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Meta Analysis, Penilaian Hasil, Placebo, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid, Jurnal Keutamaan, Percubaan Terkawal Rawak, Kaji semula, Kajian Sistematik

@artikel{Tan2016,
tajuk = {Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders},
pengarang = {M L Tan and J J Ho and K H Teh},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988922340&doi=10.1002%2f14651858.CD009398.pub3&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=3460f403b8829b4692a0b6f795f4a2a3},
doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009398.pub3},
terbitan = {1469493X},
tahun = {2016},
tarikh = {2016-01-01},
jurnal = {Pangkalan Data Cochrane dari Ulasan Sistematik},
isi padu = {2016},
nombor = {9},
penerbit = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},
abstrak = {Latar belakang: About 5% of school children have a specific learning disorder, defined as unexpected failure to acquire adequate abilities in reading, writing or mathematics that is not a result of reduced intellectual ability, inadequate teaching or social deprivation. Of these events, 80% are reading disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which normally are abundant in the brain and in the retina, are important for learning. Some children with specific learning disorders have been found to be deficient in these PUFAs, and it is argued that supplementation of PUFAs may help these children improve their learning abilities. Objektif: 1. To assess effects on learning outcomes of supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders.2. To determine whether adverse effects of supplementation of PUFAs are reported in these children. Search methods: In November 2015, we searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, 10 other databases and two trials registers. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing PUFAs with placebo or no treatment in children younger than 18 years with specific learning disabilities, as diagnosed in accordance with the fifth (or earlier) edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), or the 10th (or earlier) revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) or equivalent criteria. We included children with coexisting developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors (MLT and KHT) independently screened the titles and abstracts of articles identified by the search and eliminated all studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. We contacted study authors to ask for missing information and clarification, when needed. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence. Main results: Two small studies involving 116 kanak-kanak, mainly boys between 10 dan 18 years of age, met the inclusion criteria. One study was conducted in a school setting, the other at a specialised clinic. Both studies used three months of a combination of omega-3 and omega-6 supplements as the intervention compared with placebo. Although both studies had generally low risk of bias, we judged the risk of reporting bias as unclear in one study, and as high in the other study. Sebagai tambahan, one of the studies was funded by industry and reported active company involvement in the study. None of the studies reported data on the primary outcomes of reading, menulis, spelling and mathematics scores, as assessed by standardised tests. Evidence of low quality indicates that supplementation of PUFAs did not increase the risk of gastrointestinal disturbances (risk ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 0.25 ke 8.15; two studies, 116 kanak-kanak). Investigators reported no other adverse effects. Both studies reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related behaviour outcomes. We were unable to combine the results in a meta-analysis because one study reported findings as a continuous outcome, and the other as a dichotomous outcome. No other secondary outcomes were reported. We excluded one study because it used a cointervention (carnosine), and five other studies because they did not provide a robust diagnosis of a specific learning disorder. We identified one ongoing study and found three studies awaiting classification. Authors' conclusions: Evidence is insufficient to permit any conclusions about the effect of PUFAs on the learning abilities of children with specific learning disorders. Well-designed RCTs with clearly defined populations of children with specific learning disorders who have been diagnosed by standardised diagnostic criteria are needed. © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 6},
kata kunci = {Gangguan Defisit Perhatian, Autisme, Carnosine, Anak-anak, Diet Supplementation, Drug Effect, Gastrointestinal Symptom, Manusia, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Meta Analysis, Penilaian Hasil, Placebo, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid, Jurnal Keutamaan, Percubaan Terkawal Rawak, Kaji semula, Kajian Sistematik},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

Tutup

Latar belakang: About 5% of school children have a specific learning disorder, defined as unexpected failure to acquire adequate abilities in reading, writing or mathematics that is not a result of reduced intellectual ability, inadequate teaching or social deprivation. Of these events, 80% are reading disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which normally are abundant in the brain and in the retina, are important for learning. Some children with specific learning disorders have been found to be deficient in these PUFAs, and it is argued that supplementation of PUFAs may help these children improve their learning abilities. Objektif: 1. To assess effects on learning outcomes of supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders.2. To determine whether adverse effects of supplementation of PUFAs are reported in these children. Search methods: In November 2015, we searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, 10 other databases and two trials registers. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing PUFAs with placebo or no treatment in children younger than 18 years with specific learning disabilities, as diagnosed in accordance with the fifth (or earlier) edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), or the 10th (or earlier) revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) or equivalent criteria. We included children with coexisting developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors (MLT and KHT) independently screened the titles and abstracts of articles identified by the search and eliminated all studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. We contacted study authors to ask for missing information and clarification, when needed. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence. Main results: Two small studies involving 116 kanak-kanak, mainly boys between 10 dan 18 years of age, met the inclusion criteria. One study was conducted in a school setting, the other at a specialised clinic. Both studies used three months of a combination of omega-3 and omega-6 supplements as the intervention compared with placebo. Although both studies had generally low risk of bias, we judged the risk of reporting bias as unclear in one study, and as high in the other study. Sebagai tambahan, one of the studies was funded by industry and reported active company involvement in the study. None of the studies reported data on the primary outcomes of reading, menulis, spelling and mathematics scores, as assessed by standardised tests. Evidence of low quality indicates that supplementation of PUFAs did not increase the risk of gastrointestinal disturbances (risk ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 0.25 ke 8.15; two studies, 116 kanak-kanak). Investigators reported no other adverse effects. Both studies reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related behaviour outcomes. We were unable to combine the results in a meta-analysis because one study reported findings as a continuous outcome, and the other as a dichotomous outcome. No other secondary outcomes were reported. We excluded one study because it used a cointervention (carnosine), and five other studies because they did not provide a robust diagnosis of a specific learning disorder. We identified one ongoing study and found three studies awaiting classification. Authors' conclusions: Evidence is insufficient to permit any conclusions about the effect of PUFAs on the learning abilities of children with specific learning disorders. Well-designed RCTs with clearly defined populations of children with specific learning disorders who have been diagnosed by standardised diagnostic criteria are needed. © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration.

Tutup

Jayachandra, S

Is secretin effective in treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)? Artikel Jurnal

International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 35 (1), hlm. 99-101, 2005, ISSN: 00912174, (dipetik oleh 2).

Pautan | BibTeX | Tag: Autisme, Gangguan Spektrum Autisme, Anak-anak, Clinical Trial, Drug Effect, Drug Efficacy, Drug Mechanism, Gastrointestinal Symptom, Manusia, Hypersensitivity, Injections, Intravenous, Surat, Secretin, Hasil Rawatan