Testing - National Autism Resource Centre (NARC)

2015

Bhagat, V; Jayaraj, J; Haque, M

Parent’s self-efficacy, emotionality, and intellectual ability impacting the intervention of autism spectrum disorders: A review proposed model for appraisal of intervention Journal Article

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7 (11), pp. 7-12, 2015, ISSN: 09751491, (cited By 3).

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anxiety, Autism, Caregiver, Child Behaviour, Child Parent Relation, Cognition, Coping Behaviour, Distress Syndrome, Emotion, Emotionality, Human, Intelligence, Mental Capacity, Parental Stress, Parents, Phenotype, Review, Self Concept

@article{Bhagat20157,
title = {Parent’s self-efficacy, emotionality, and intellectual ability impacting the intervention of autism spectrum disorders: A review proposed model for appraisal of intervention},
author = {V Bhagat and J Jayaraj and M Haque},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946575464&partnerID=40&md5=7384d5557b767097e456dee7c79128f7},
issn = {09751491},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences},
volume = {7},
number = {11},
pages = {7-12},
publisher = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science},
abstract = {Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may affect all domains of a child’s life. Indeed, it impacts not only the child but also parents and siblings, causing disturbances in the family. The experience of parents with an autism spectrum disorder can be devastating; they have a demanding need to cope with complex situations in their lives. The presence of pervasive and severe deficits in children with ASD increases the adjusting demands of parents in their life situations, thus, nudging them into distress which in turn incapacitate them and lowers their efficiency to deal with these situations thereby reducing their self-efficacy. These parents are found with disturbances in emotional and intellectual components of their personalities. They end up being shattered in their interpersonal relationship and family life. Indeed, these aspects of parental distress rank lower in position and the focus rests on the treatment of ASD. Thus, the management of ASD incapacitating the parents of the deficit children to reach their fullest abilities remains questionable. Therefore, the objectives of this study are a) to examine the impact of emotionality, intellectual ability and self-efficacy of the intervention of autism spectrum disorder. b) To propose a new intervention model for ASD incorporating self-efficacy, emotional and mental ability c) To suggest the integration of this new model with the current intervention regimens to ensure better efficacy. This study, based on past evidence has keenly, examined the correlation of intellectual ability, emotionality and self-efficacy with the intervention of autism spectrum disorder. The results reveal that emotional and intellectual disturbances and impaired self-efficacy in the parents of children with ASD have an adverse impact on the intervention of ASD. A new model of intervention for ASD encompassing the above-mentioned essential components of parents’ personality has been proposed, and its integration with the existing treatment regimens has been suggested to reap an improved outcome. The study concludes by observing the fact that considerable improvement in the diagnosed child may not ameliorate the parent and family distress already present, especially at the time and expense of intervention can be even more detrimental to the overall personality of the parents. The new proposed model of intervention can pave the way for further research in this regard. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.},
note = {cited By 3},
keywords = {Anxiety, Autism, Caregiver, Child Behaviour, Child Parent Relation, Cognition, Coping Behaviour, Distress Syndrome, Emotion, Emotionality, Human, Intelligence, Mental Capacity, Parental Stress, Parents, Phenotype, Review, Self Concept},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may affect all domains of a child’s life. Indeed, it impacts not only the child but also parents and siblings, causing disturbances in the family. The experience of parents with an autism spectrum disorder can be devastating; they have a demanding need to cope with complex situations in their lives. The presence of pervasive and severe deficits in children with ASD increases the adjusting demands of parents in their life situations, thus, nudging them into distress which in turn incapacitate them and lowers their efficiency to deal with these situations thereby reducing their self-efficacy. These parents are found with disturbances in emotional and intellectual components of their personalities. They end up being shattered in their interpersonal relationship and family life. Indeed, these aspects of parental distress rank lower in position and the focus rests on the treatment of ASD. Thus, the management of ASD incapacitating the parents of the deficit children to reach their fullest abilities remains questionable. Therefore, the objectives of this study are a) to examine the impact of emotionality, intellectual ability and self-efficacy of the intervention of autism spectrum disorder. b) To propose a new intervention model for ASD incorporating self-efficacy, emotional and mental ability c) To suggest the integration of this new model with the current intervention regimens to ensure better efficacy. This study, based on past evidence has keenly, examined the correlation of intellectual ability, emotionality and self-efficacy with the intervention of autism spectrum disorder. The results reveal that emotional and intellectual disturbances and impaired self-efficacy in the parents of children with ASD have an adverse impact on the intervention of ASD. A new model of intervention for ASD encompassing the above-mentioned essential components of parents’ personality has been proposed, and its integration with the existing treatment regimens has been suggested to reap an improved outcome. The study concludes by observing the fact that considerable improvement in the diagnosed child may not ameliorate the parent and family distress already present, especially at the time and expense of intervention can be even more detrimental to the overall personality of the parents. The new proposed model of intervention can pave the way for further research in this regard. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.

2013

Assaf, M; Hyatt, C J; Wong, C G; Johnson, M R; Schultz, R T; Hendler, T; Pearlson, G D

Mentalizing and motivation neural function during social interactions in autism spectrum disorders Journal Article

NeuroImage: Clinical, 3 , pp. 321-331, 2013, ISSN: 22131582, (cited By 28).

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent, Adult, Article, Autism, Brain Function, Children, Computer, Controlled Study, Female, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Games, Groups by Age, Human, Major Clinical Study, Male, Mental Capacity, Middle Temporal Gyrus, Motivation, Motor Performance, Nerve Cell, Nerve Function, Nucleus Accumbens, Priority Journal, Punishment, Reward, School Child, Social Cognition, Social Environment, Social Interactions, Task Performance, Theory of Mind, Vision

@article{Assaf2013321,
title = {Mentalizing and motivation neural function during social interactions in autism spectrum disorders},
author = {M Assaf and C J Hyatt and C G Wong and M R Johnson and R T Schultz and T Hendler and G D Pearlson},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885394367&doi=10.1016%2fj.nicl.2013.09.005&partnerID=40&md5=b63630c997b658167792266e40e855b6},
doi = {10.1016/j.nicl.2013.09.005},
issn = {22131582},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {NeuroImage: Clinical},
volume = {3},
pages = {321-331},
abstract = {Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterized by core deficits in social functions. Two theories have been suggested to explain these deficits: mind-blindness theory posits impaired mentalizing processes (i.e. decreased ability for establishing a representation of others' state of mind), while social motivation theory proposes that diminished reward value for social information leads to reduced social attention, social interactions, and social learning. Mentalizing and motivation are integral to typical social interactions, and neuroimaging evidence points to independent brain networks that support these processes in healthy individuals. However, the simultaneous function of these networks has not been explored in individuals with ASDs. We used a social, interactive fMRI task, the Domino game, to explore mentalizing- and motivation-related brain activation during a well-defined interval where participants respond to rewards or punishments (i.e. motivation) and concurrently process information about their opponent's potential next actions (i.e. mentalizing). Thirteen individuals with high-functioning ASDs, ages 12-24, and 14 healthy controls played fMRI Domino games against a computer-opponent and separately, what they were led to believe was a human-opponent. Results showed that while individuals with ASDs understood the game rules and played similarly to controls, they showed diminished neural activity during the human-opponent runs only (i.e. in a social context) in bilateral middle temporal gyrus (MTG) during mentalizing and right Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) during reward-related motivation (Pcluster < 0.05 FWE). Importantly, deficits were not observed in these areas when playing against a computer-opponent or in areas related to motor and visual processes. These results demonstrate that while MTG and NAcc, which are critical structures in the mentalizing and motivation networks, respectively, activate normally in a non-social context, they fail to respond in an otherwise identical social context in ASD compared to controls. We discuss implications to both the mind-blindness and social motivation theories of ASD and the importance of social context in research and treatment protocols. © 2013 The Authors.},
note = {cited By 28},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Article, Autism, Brain Function, Children, Computer, Controlled Study, Female, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Games, Groups by Age, Human, Major Clinical Study, Male, Mental Capacity, Middle Temporal Gyrus, Motivation, Motor Performance, Nerve Cell, Nerve Function, Nucleus Accumbens, Priority Journal, Punishment, Reward, School Child, Social Cognition, Social Environment, Social Interactions, Task Performance, Theory of Mind, Vision},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterized by core deficits in social functions. Two theories have been suggested to explain these deficits: mind-blindness theory posits impaired mentalizing processes (i.e. decreased ability for establishing a representation of others' state of mind), while social motivation theory proposes that diminished reward value for social information leads to reduced social attention, social interactions, and social learning. Mentalizing and motivation are integral to typical social interactions, and neuroimaging evidence points to independent brain networks that support these processes in healthy individuals. However, the simultaneous function of these networks has not been explored in individuals with ASDs. We used a social, interactive fMRI task, the Domino game, to explore mentalizing- and motivation-related brain activation during a well-defined interval where participants respond to rewards or punishments (i.e. motivation) and concurrently process information about their opponent's potential next actions (i.e. mentalizing). Thirteen individuals with high-functioning ASDs, ages 12-24, and 14 healthy controls played fMRI Domino games against a computer-opponent and separately, what they were led to believe was a human-opponent. Results showed that while individuals with ASDs understood the game rules and played similarly to controls, they showed diminished neural activity during the human-opponent runs only (i.e. in a social context) in bilateral middle temporal gyrus (MTG) during mentalizing and right Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) during reward-related motivation (Pcluster < 0.05 FWE). Importantly, deficits were not observed in these areas when playing against a computer-opponent or in areas related to motor and visual processes. These results demonstrate that while MTG and NAcc, which are critical structures in the mentalizing and motivation networks, respectively, activate normally in a non-social context, they fail to respond in an otherwise identical social context in ASD compared to controls. We discuss implications to both the mind-blindness and social motivation theories of ASD and the importance of social context in research and treatment protocols. © 2013 The Authors.