@article{Taresh2020,
title = {Pre-school teachers’ knowledge, belief, identification skills, and self-efficacy in identifying autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A conceptual framework to identify children with ASD},
author = {S Taresh and N A Ahmad and S Roslan and A M Ma’rof and S Zaid},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082661960&doi=10.3390%2fbrainsci10030165&partnerID=40&md5=806c3d699ffc9bd518bc0397b07598a8},
doi = {10.3390/brainsci10030165},
issn = {20763425},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Brain Sciences},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {Recently, the identification and detection of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has become an essential issue under ASD intervention services. The high percentage of ASD among children requires preschool teachers to recognizse children’s abnormal development and identify them at an early stage, followed by referral to specialists. Therefore, this identification calls for a specific ability among preschool teachers, identified as knowledge, belief, identification skills, and self-efficacy (KBISSE). This conceptual framework aims to utilize the current literature to present a discussion on preschool teachers’ KBISSE in identifying children with ASD and making decisions to refer children suspected with ASD to specialists. The conceptual framework is discussed based on social cognitive theory (SCT) and the health belief model (HBM). The conceptual framework emphasizes the need for preschool teachers to be educated in ASD via an educational module that could increase teachers’ self-efficacy in identifying children with ASD. Besides, knowledge in ASD, belief in ASD, and identification skills are also necessary variables for building the educational module. The educational module is useful for guiding future research on preschool teachers’ identification of children with any disability, one of which is ASD, and subsequent specialist referral at an early stage. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {cited By 0},
keywords = {Attitude to Disability, Autism, Cognition, Conceptual Framework, Education, Health Belief, Health Care, Health Care Personnel, Human, Interpersonal Communication, Mental Health, Physiotherapist, Psychological Aspect, Questionnaires, Review, School Teacher, Self Concept, Social Behaviour, Social Cognitive Theory, Social Interactions, Social Stigma, Teaching, Training},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Sarwar20191824,
title = {Social support, optimism, parental self-efficacy and wellbeinin mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder},
author = {F Sarwar and S A Panatik and A Rajab and N Nordin},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074977478&doi=10.5958%2f0976-5506.2019.02719.0&partnerID=40&md5=6760a63e9eca52a1bb463dc10bd5abe6},
doi = {10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02719.0},
issn = {09760245},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development},
volume = {10},
number = {9},
pages = {1824-1829},
publisher = {Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development},
abstract = {It was hypothesized that optimism, self-efficacy and social support are positive predictors of life satisfaction and positive affect and negative predictors of perceived stress and negative affect. Data was collected by survey method from 47 mothers of autistic children in Lahore and Faisalabad. Hypotheses were tested on four models of four dependant variables using hierarchical regression analysis. Results depicted that parental self-efficacy was a significant predictor of all four dependant variables, social support was a significant predictor of life satisfaction and perceived stress, while optimism only significantly predicted variance in life satisfaction. The study was first of its type to be done with a sample in Pakistani context and has important implications for clinical psychologist. They can plan interventions to enhance subjective wellbeing and reduce stress directly or indirectly by focusing on antecedents tested in the study. © 2019, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.},
note = {cited By 0},
keywords = {Adult, Article, Assessment of Humans, Autism, Children, Correlation Analysis, Cross-Sectional Study, Female, Human, Life Orientation Test, Life Satisfaction, Likert Scale, Male, Maternal Behavior, Multidimensional Scale of Percieved Social Support, Optimism, Parenting Sense of Competence, Perceived Stress Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Questionnaires, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Self Concept, Social Support, Wellbeing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Bhagat20157,
title = {Parent’s self-efficacy, emotionality, and intellectual ability impacting the intervention of autism spectrum disorders: A review proposed model for appraisal of intervention},
author = {V Bhagat and J Jayaraj and M Haque},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946575464&partnerID=40&md5=7384d5557b767097e456dee7c79128f7},
issn = {09751491},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences},
volume = {7},
number = {11},
pages = {7-12},
publisher = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science},
abstract = {Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may affect all domains of a child’s life. Indeed, it impacts not only the child but also parents and siblings, causing disturbances in the family. The experience of parents with an autism spectrum disorder can be devastating; they have a demanding need to cope with complex situations in their lives. The presence of pervasive and severe deficits in children with ASD increases the adjusting demands of parents in their life situations, thus, nudging them into distress which in turn incapacitate them and lowers their efficiency to deal with these situations thereby reducing their self-efficacy. These parents are found with disturbances in emotional and intellectual components of their personalities. They end up being shattered in their interpersonal relationship and family life. Indeed, these aspects of parental distress rank lower in position and the focus rests on the treatment of ASD. Thus, the management of ASD incapacitating the parents of the deficit children to reach their fullest abilities remains questionable. Therefore, the objectives of this study are a) to examine the impact of emotionality, intellectual ability and self-efficacy of the intervention of autism spectrum disorder. b) To propose a new intervention model for ASD incorporating self-efficacy, emotional and mental ability c) To suggest the integration of this new model with the current intervention regimens to ensure better efficacy. This study, based on past evidence has keenly, examined the correlation of intellectual ability, emotionality and self-efficacy with the intervention of autism spectrum disorder. The results reveal that emotional and intellectual disturbances and impaired self-efficacy in the parents of children with ASD have an adverse impact on the intervention of ASD. A new model of intervention for ASD encompassing the above-mentioned essential components of parents’ personality has been proposed, and its integration with the existing treatment regimens has been suggested to reap an improved outcome. The study concludes by observing the fact that considerable improvement in the diagnosed child may not ameliorate the parent and family distress already present, especially at the time and expense of intervention can be even more detrimental to the overall personality of the parents. The new proposed model of intervention can pave the way for further research in this regard. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.},
note = {cited By 3},
keywords = {Anxiety, Autism, Caregiver, Child Behaviour, Child Parent Relation, Cognition, Coping Behaviour, Distress Syndrome, Emotion, Emotionality, Human, Intelligence, Mental Capacity, Parental Stress, Parents, Phenotype, Review, Self Concept},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}