@artikel{Cassidy2014112,
tajuk = {Can adults with autism spectrum disorders infer what happened to someone from their emotional response?},
pengarang = {S Cassidy and D Ropar and P Mitchell and P Chapman},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84894307909&doi=10.1002%2faur.1351&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=8c6736bc006e9eebde29427879d023c3},
doi = {10.1002/aur.1351},
terbitan = {19393792},
tahun = {2014},
tarikh = {2014-01-01},
jurnal = {Penyelidikan Autisme},
isi padu = {7},
nombor = {1},
halaman = {112-123},
penerbit = {John Wiley and Sons Inc.},
abstrak = {Can adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) infer what happened to someone from their emotional response? Millikan has argued that in everyday life, others' emotions are most commonly used to work out the antecedents of behavior, an ability termed retrodictive mindreading. As those with ASD show difficulties interpreting others' emotions, we predicted that these individuals would have difficulty with retrodictive mindreading. Sixteen adults with high-functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome and 19 typically developing adults viewed 21 video clips of people reacting to one of three gifts (chocolate, monopoly money, or a homemade novelty) and then inferred what gift the recipient received and the emotion expressed by that person. Participants' eye movements were recorded while they viewed the videos. Results showed that participants with ASD were only less accurate when inferring who received a chocolate or homemade gift. This difficulty was not due to lack of understanding what emotions were appropriate in response to each gift, as both groups gave consistent gift and emotion inferences significantly above chance (genuine positive for chocolate and feigned positive for homemade). Those with ASD did not look significantly less to the eyes of faces in the videos, and looking to the eyes did not correlate with accuracy on the task. These results suggest that those with ASD are less accurate when retrodicting events involving recognition of genuine and feigned positive emotions, and challenge claims that lack of attention to the eyes causes emotion recognition difficulties in ASD. Autism Res 2014, 7: 112-123. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Berkala Wiley, Inc.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 21},
kata kunci = {Ketepatan, Dewasa, Aged, Artikel, Sindrom Asperger, Perhatian, Autisme, Kelakuan, Cacao, Gangguan Perkembangan Kanak-kanak, Artikel Klinikal, Concept Formation, Kajian Terkawal, Deception, Discrimination (Psikologi), Emosi, Pergerakan Mata, Eye Tracking, Face Processing, Ekspresi wajah, Perempuan, Manusia, Interpersonal Relations, Lelaki, Pertengahan umur, Money, Meresap, Jurnal Keutamaan, Recipient, Recognition, Reference Values, Retrodictive Mindreading, Spontaneous Emotion Recognition, Theory of Mind, Video Recording, Dewasa Muda},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Pillai20142430,
tajuk = {Using other minds as a window onto the world: Guessing what happened from clues in behaviour},
pengarang = {D Pillai and E Sheppard and D Ropar and L Marsh and A Pearson and P Mitchell},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84912053354&doi=10.1007%2fs10803-014-2106-x&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=c3396f6f468e37e253c657f998993859},
doi = {10.1007/s10803-014-2106-x},
terbitan = {01623257},
tahun = {2014},
tarikh = {2014-01-01},
jurnal = {Jurnal Autisme dan Gangguan Perkembangan},
isi padu = {44},
nombor = {10},
halaman = {2430-2439},
penerbit = {Springer New York LLC},
abstrak = {It has been proposed that mentalising involves retrodicting as well as predicting behaviour, by inferring previous mental states of a target. This study investigated whether retrodiction is impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Participants watched videos of real people reacting to the researcher behaving in one of four possible ways. Their task was to decide which of these four ‘‘scenarios’’ each person responded to. Participants’ eye movements were recorded. Participants with ASD were poorer than comparison participants at identifying the scenario to which people in the videos were responding. There were no group differences in time spent looking at the eyes or mouth. The findings imply those with ASD are impaired in using mentalising skills for retrodiction. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 17},
kata kunci = {Remaja, Dewasa, Artikel, Autisme, Gangguan Perkembangan Kanak-kanak, Anak-anak, Artikel Klinikal, Kognisi, Kajian Terkawal, Pergerakan Mata, Eye Tracking, Ekspresi wajah, Gaze, Manusia, Intelligence Quotient, Lelaki, Measurement Accuracy, Mouth, Patofisiologi, Meresap, Fisiologi, Aspek Psikologi, Psikologi, Retrodiction, Task Performance, Theory of Mind, Komunikasi Lisan, Video Recording, Videotape Recording, Dewasa Muda},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Assaf2013321,
tajuk = {Mentalizing and motivation neural function during social interactions in autism spectrum disorders},
pengarang = {M Assaf and C J Hyatt and C G Wong and M R Johnson and R T Schultz and T Hendler and G D Pearlson},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885394367&doi=10.1016%2fj.nicl.2013.09.005&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=b63630c997b658167792266e40e855b6},
doi = {10.1016/j.nicl.2013.09.005},
terbitan = {22131582},
tahun = {2013},
tarikh = {2013-01-01},
jurnal = {NeuroImage: klinikal},
isi padu = {3},
halaman = {321-331},
abstrak = {Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (ASDs) are characterized by core deficits in social functions. Two theories have been suggested to explain these deficits: mind-blindness theory posits impaired mentalizing processes (i.e.. decreased ability for establishing a representation of others' state of mind), while social motivation theory proposes that diminished reward value for social information leads to reduced social attention, social interactions, and social learning. Mentalizing and motivation are integral to typical social interactions, and neuroimaging evidence points to independent brain networks that support these processes in healthy individuals. Walau bagaimanapun, the simultaneous function of these networks has not been explored in individuals with ASDs. We used a social, interactive fMRI task, the Domino game, to explore mentalizing- and motivation-related brain activation during a well-defined interval where participants respond to rewards or punishments (i.e.. motivation) and concurrently process information about their opponent's potential next actions (i.e.. mentalizing). Thirteen individuals with high-functioning ASDs, ages 12-24, dan 14 healthy controls played fMRI Domino games against a computer-opponent and separately, what they were led to believe was a human-opponent. Results showed that while individuals with ASDs understood the game rules and played similarly to controls, they showed diminished neural activity during the human-opponent runs only (i.e.. in a social context) in bilateral middle temporal gyrus (MTG) during mentalizing and right Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) during reward-related motivation (Pcluster < 0.05 FWE). Importantly, deficits were not observed in these areas when playing against a computer-opponent or in areas related to motor and visual processes. These results demonstrate that while MTG and NAcc, which are critical structures in the mentalizing and motivation networks, masing-masing, activate normally in a non-social context, they fail to respond in an otherwise identical social context in ASD compared to controls. We discuss implications to both the mind-blindness and social motivation theories of ASD and the importance of social context in research and treatment protocols. © 2013 Penulis.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 28},
kata kunci = {Remaja, Dewasa, Artikel, Autisme, Brain Function, Anak-anak, Komputer, Kajian Terkawal, Perempuan, Pengimejan Resonans Magnetik Berfungsi, Permainan, Groups by Age, Manusia, Kajian Klinikal Utama, Lelaki, Mental Capacity, Middle Temporal Gyrus, Motivasi, Motor Performance, Nerve Cell, Nerve Function, Nucleus Accumbens, Jurnal Keutamaan, Punishment, Ganjaran, Budak sekolah, Kognisi Sosial, Social Environment, Interaksi Sosial, Task Performance, Theory of Mind, Penglihatan},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}