@artikel{Leong2020247,
tajuk = {Poh-tay-toe, Poh-tah-toe: Diagnosis dan Konseptualisasi Autisme},
pengarang = {D Leong dan D Hedley dan M Uljarević},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid = 2-s2.0-85078570091&doi = 10.1177% 2f0883073819887587&rakan kongsi = 40&md5 = f40e68dc7723d94e6c9dfeb9820558a4},
doi = {10.1177/0883073819887587},
terbitan = {08830738},
tahun = {2020},
tarikh = {2020-01-01},
jurnal = {Jurnal Neurologi Kanak-kanak},
isi padu = {35},
nombor = {3},
halaman = {247-248},
penerbit = {SAGE Publications Inc.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 0},
kata kunci = {Keresahan, Gangguan Defisit Perhatian, Autisme, Pengasuh, Anak-anak, Artikel Klinikal, Amalan Klinikal, Kelakuan Mengganggu, DSM-5, Susulan, Manusia, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Surat, Kesihatan mental, Gangguan Mood, Pasukan Pelbagai Disiplin, Neuropsychiatry, Jurnal Keutamaan, Pengangguran, Tenaga kerja},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Adib2019b,
tajuk = {Tekanan yang dirasakan dalam kalangan penjaga kanak-kanak yang mengalami gangguan spektrum autisme: Kajian seluruh negeri},
pengarang = {N A N Adib dan M I Ibrahim dan A A Rahman dan R S Bakar dan N A Yahaya dan S Hussin dan W N A Wan Mansor},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065303613&doi = 10.3390% 2fijerph16081468&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=fc871375f0d307a95820cd87c57ea270},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph16081468},
terbitan = {16617827},
tahun = {2019},
tarikh = {2019-01-01},
jurnal = {Jurnal Antarabangsa Penyelidikan Alam Sekitar dan Kesihatan Awam},
isi padu = {16},
nombor = {8},
penerbit = {MDPI AG},
abstrak = {Latar belakang: Penjaga kanak-kanak yang mengalami gangguan spektrum autisme (ASD) mengalami tekanan yang meningkat dan akibat pengasuhan negatif yang lebih ketara daripada mereka yang mempunyai kanak-kanak yang sedang membangun. Terdapat kekurangan kajian yang khusus memfokuskan kepada tekanan dalam kalangan penjaga yang mempunyai kanak-kanak ASD di negara Asia. Kajian semasa mengkaji tahap tekanan yang dirasakan dan faktor yang dikaitkan dengannya dalam kalangan penjaga di Kelantan, Malaysia. Kaedah: Dalam kajian keratan rentas, versi Bahasa Melayu bagi Skala Tekanan Yang Diperhatikan (PSS) telah ditadbirkan kepada 227 penjaga kanak-kanak dengan ASD. Pengasuh telah diambil daripada pangkalan data ASD di empat hospital tertiari di Kelantan dan satu mesyuarat telah diadakan semasa susulan kanak-kanak itu di klinik.. Analisis regresi linear berbilang telah digunakan untuk menentukan peramal tekanan yang dirasakan. Keputusan: Purata jumlah skor tekanan yang dirasakan ialah 20.84 (4.72). Ini dianggap lebih tinggi daripada purata. Tekanan yang dirasakan lebih tinggi telah diramalkan dengan ketara dalam kalangan penjaga yang tinggal jauh dari institusi kesihatan, penjaga yang tidak memiliki pengangkutan untuk membawa anak ke pusat rawatan, dan penjaga yang mempunyai anak ASD dengan masalah pembelajaran. Kesimpulannya: Pengasuh kanak-kanak ASD merasakan tekanan yang ketara semasa menjaga anak-anak mereka. Institusi harus mengurangkan faktor-faktor yang diramalkan meningkatkan tekanan pengasuh untuk meningkatkan kualiti kehidupan kanak-kanak dan keluarga ASD secara keseluruhan.. © 2019 oleh pengarang. MDPI pemegang lesen, Basel, Switzerland.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 0},
kata kunci = {Adaptasi, Remaja, Dewasa, Artikel, Autisme, Gangguan Spektrum Autisme, Pengasuh, Beban Penjaga, Penjagaan Kanak-kanak, Anak-anak, Tingkah Laku Menghadapi, Kajian Lintas Bahagian, Perempuan, Susulan, Penjagaan Kesihatan, Akses Penjagaan Kesihatan, Manusia, Bayi, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Malaysia, Lelaki, Tekanan Mental, Pertengahan umur, Analisis Regresi Linear Berganda, Baru lahir, Manusia Biasa, Pengangkutan Pesakit, Skala Tekanan yang Diperhatikan, Ramalan, Prasekolah, Kanak-kanak Prasekolah, Psikologi, Psikologi, Psikometrik, Psikometri, Kualiti hidup, Tekanan, Pusat Jagaan Tertiari, Hospital Universiti},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Wo201735,
tajuk = {The impact of epilepsy on academic achievement in children with normal intelligence and without major comorbidities: Kajian semula yang sistematik},
pengarang = {S W Wo and L C Ong and W Y Low and P S M Lai},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85025636897&doi=10.1016%2fj.eplepsyres.2017.07.009&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=f34a0aada2cc5dc6e4d6beab18ac779c},
doi = {10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.07.009},
terbitan = {09201211},
tahun = {2017},
tarikh = {2017-01-01},
jurnal = {Epilepsy Research},
isi padu = {136},
halaman = {35-45},
penerbit = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstrak = {Purpose To systematically examine published literature which assessed the prevalence of academic difficulties in children with epilepsy (CWE) kecerdasan normal, and its associating factors. Methods A search was conducted on five databases for articles published in English from 1980 till March 2015. Included were studies who recruited children (aged 5–18 years), with a diagnosis or newly/recurrent epilepsy, an intelligent quotient (IQ) of ≥70 or attending regular school, with or without a control group, which measured academic achievement using a standardised objective measure, and published in English. Excluded were children with learning difficulties, kecacatan intelektual (IQ < 70) and other comorbidities such as attention deficits hyperactive disorder or autism. Two pairs of reviewers extracted the data, and met to resolve any differences from the data extraction process. Results Twenty studies were included. The majority of the studies assessed “low achievement” whist only two studies used the IQ-achievement discrepancy definition of “underachievement”. Fourteen studies (70%) reported that CWE had significantly lower academic achievement scores compared to healthy controls, children with asthma or reported norms. The remaining six studies (30%) did not report any differences. CWE had stable academic achievement scores over time (2–4 years), even among those whose seizure frequency improved. Higher parental education and children with higher IQ, and had better attention or had a positive attitude towards epilepsy, were associated with higher academic achievement score. Older children were found to have lower academic achievement score. Conclusions In CWE of normal intelligence, the majority of published literature found that academic achievement was lower than controls or reported norms. The high percentages of low achievement in CWE, especially in the older age group, and the stability of scores even as seizure frequency improved, highlights the need for early screening of learning problems, and continued surveillance. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 8},
kata kunci = {Academic Achievement, Academic Success, Achievement, Sikap Terhadap Kesihatan, Autisme, Benign Childhood Epilepsy, Anak-anak, Children with Epilepsy, Analisis Kohort, komorbiditi, Kajian Lintas Bahagian, Bahasa Inggeris (Bahasa), Epilepsi, Manusia, Kemerosotan Intelektual, Intelligence, Intelligence Quotient, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Observational Study, Parenting Education, Jurnal Keutamaan, Psikologi, Recurrent Disease, Recurrent Epilepsy, Kaji semula, Sistem Pemarkahan, Kajian Sistematik, Underachievement},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Tan2016,
tajuk = {Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders},
pengarang = {M L Tan and J J Ho and K H Teh},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988922340&doi=10.1002%2f14651858.CD009398.pub3&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=3460f403b8829b4692a0b6f795f4a2a3},
doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009398.pub3},
terbitan = {1469493X},
tahun = {2016},
tarikh = {2016-01-01},
jurnal = {Pangkalan Data Cochrane dari Ulasan Sistematik},
isi padu = {2016},
nombor = {9},
penerbit = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},
abstrak = {Latar belakang: About 5% of school children have a specific learning disorder, defined as unexpected failure to acquire adequate abilities in reading, writing or mathematics that is not a result of reduced intellectual ability, inadequate teaching or social deprivation. Of these events, 80% are reading disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which normally are abundant in the brain and in the retina, are important for learning. Some children with specific learning disorders have been found to be deficient in these PUFAs, and it is argued that supplementation of PUFAs may help these children improve their learning abilities. Objektif: 1. To assess effects on learning outcomes of supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders.2. To determine whether adverse effects of supplementation of PUFAs are reported in these children. Search methods: In November 2015, we searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, 10 other databases and two trials registers. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing PUFAs with placebo or no treatment in children younger than 18 years with specific learning disabilities, as diagnosed in accordance with the fifth (or earlier) edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), or the 10th (or earlier) revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) or equivalent criteria. We included children with coexisting developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors (MLT and KHT) independently screened the titles and abstracts of articles identified by the search and eliminated all studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. We contacted study authors to ask for missing information and clarification, when needed. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence. Main results: Two small studies involving 116 kanak-kanak, mainly boys between 10 dan 18 years of age, met the inclusion criteria. One study was conducted in a school setting, the other at a specialised clinic. Both studies used three months of a combination of omega-3 and omega-6 supplements as the intervention compared with placebo. Although both studies had generally low risk of bias, we judged the risk of reporting bias as unclear in one study, and as high in the other study. Sebagai tambahan, one of the studies was funded by industry and reported active company involvement in the study. None of the studies reported data on the primary outcomes of reading, menulis, spelling and mathematics scores, as assessed by standardised tests. Evidence of low quality indicates that supplementation of PUFAs did not increase the risk of gastrointestinal disturbances (risk ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 0.25 ke 8.15; two studies, 116 kanak-kanak). Investigators reported no other adverse effects. Both studies reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related behaviour outcomes. We were unable to combine the results in a meta-analysis because one study reported findings as a continuous outcome, and the other as a dichotomous outcome. No other secondary outcomes were reported. We excluded one study because it used a cointervention (carnosine), and five other studies because they did not provide a robust diagnosis of a specific learning disorder. We identified one ongoing study and found three studies awaiting classification. Authors' conclusions: Evidence is insufficient to permit any conclusions about the effect of PUFAs on the learning abilities of children with specific learning disorders. Well-designed RCTs with clearly defined populations of children with specific learning disorders who have been diagnosed by standardised diagnostic criteria are needed. © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 6},
kata kunci = {Gangguan Defisit Perhatian, Autisme, Carnosine, Anak-anak, Diet Supplementation, Drug Effect, Gastrointestinal Symptom, Manusia, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Meta Analysis, Penilaian Hasil, Placebo, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid, Jurnal Keutamaan, Percubaan Terkawal Rawak, Kaji semula, Kajian Sistematik},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Tan2012c,
tajuk = {Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders.},
pengarang = {M L Tan and J J Ho and K H Teh},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874188414&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=e6f01e2e67a98a878ea3a2d8fc954a7b},
terbitan = {1469493X},
tahun = {2012},
tarikh = {2012-01-01},
jurnal = {Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)},
isi padu = {12},
halaman = {CD009398},
abstrak = {About 5% of schoolchildren have a specific learning disorder, defined as an unexpected failure to acquire adequate abilities in reading, writing or mathematic skills not as a result of reduced intellectual ability, inadequate teaching or social deprivation. Of these, 80% are reading disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are found abundantly in the brain and retina are important for learning. Some children with specific learning disorders have been found to be deficient in these PUFAs, and it is argued that supplementation of PUFAs may help these children improve their learning abilities. To assess the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplementation for children with specific learning disorders, on learning outcomes. We searched the following databases in April 2012: CENTRAL (2012, Issue 4), MEDLINE (1948 to April Week 2 2012), ASAS (1980 ke 2012 Week 16), PsycINFO (1806 to April 2012), ERIC (1966 to April 2012), Science Citation Index (1970 ke 20 April 2012), Social Science Citation Index (1970 ke 20 April 2012), Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (1970 ke 20 April 2012), Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Social Sciences and Humanites (1970 ke 20 April 2012), Pangkalan Data Cochrane dari Ulasan Sistematik (2012, Issue 4), BERANI (2012, Issue 2) , ZETOC (24 April 2012) and WorldCat (24 April 2012). We searched the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov on 24 April 2012. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles identified by the searches. Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with placebo or no treatment in children aged below 18 years with specific learning disabilities diagnosed using DSM-IV, ICD-10 or equivalent criteria. We intended to include participants with co-existing developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism. Two authors (ML and KH) independently screened the titles and abstracts of the search results and eliminated all studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. Authors were contacted for missing information and clarifications when needed. We did not find any studies suitable for inclusion in the review. One study is awaiting classification as we were unable to get any information from the study author. There is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusion about the use of PUFAs for children with specific learning disorders. There is a need for well designed randomised studies to support or refute the use of PUFAs in this group of children.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 10},
kata kunci = {Anak-anak, Fatty Acids, Manusia, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Omega 3 Fatty Acid, Omega 6 Fatty Acid, Omega-3, Omega-6, Kaji semula, Unsaturated, Unsaturated Fatty Acid},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Yusoff2011433,
tajuk = {Le-ADS: Early learning disability detection system for autism and dyslexia},
pengarang = {N M Yusoff and N S Rusli and R Ishak},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960415721&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-22095-1_87&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=81c7ed311b28be5a6b9017df102e4d58},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-22095-1_87},
terbitan = {18650929},
tahun = {2011},
tarikh = {2011-01-01},
jurnal = {Komunikasi dalam Sains Komputer dan Maklumat},
isi padu = {174 CCIS},
nombor = {PART 2},
halaman = {433-437},
abstrak = {Screening test is one of common approaches to detect learning disabilities among children. The Early Learning Disability Detection System for Autism and Dyslexia (Le-AdS) is developed to help primary school teachers to recognize signs and students' behaviour. Studies and researches for the system have been done to understand these types of disorder. Research on the system architecture has also been carried out to know how the system should work based on the requirements and needs of the user. Interviews, reading and overview have been applied throughout the development process of this standalone software. This paper presents the work of Early Learning Disability Detection for Autism and Dyslexia (Le-ADS). © 2011 Springer-Verlag.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 1},
kata kunci = {Detection System, Development Process, Penyakit, Disleksia, Early Learning, Engineering Research, Orang Kurang Upaya, Interaksi Komputer Manusia, Know-how, Knowledge Management, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Autisme Ringan, Primary Schools, Screening System, Screening Tests, Standalone Software, Seni Bina Sistem},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{MohdYusoff2009395,
tajuk = {ESSE: Learning disability classification system for autism and dyslexia},
pengarang = {N Mohd Yusoff and M H Abdul Wahab and M A Aziz and F Jalil AshaÁri},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76249116153&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-02707-9_45&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=f51c6dd35a86b7eef7ee117d1daa41dd},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-02707-9_45},
terbitan = {03029743},
tahun = {2009},
tarikh = {2009-01-01},
jurnal = {Nota Kuliah dalam Sains Komputer (termasuk subseries Nota Kuliah dalam Artificial Intelligence dan Lecture Notes dalam Bioinformatics)},
isi padu = {5614 LNCS},
nombor = {PART 1},
halaman = {395-402},
abstrak = {This paper presents an Expert System for Special Education (ESSE) based on scenario in Malaysia. This system is developed through the process of knowledge-gaining which is gathered from various expertise in chosen domain. Realizing the limitation of traditional classification system that teachers adopted, we developed ESSE to automate a centralized decision making system. ESSE is also able to provide consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks. Selain itu, teachers using this system hold and maintain significant level of information pertaining both learning disabilities, thus reduce amount of human errors. ESSE knowledge-based resulted from the knowledge engineering called Qualifiers and Choice. Both are gathered from the analysis of symptoms that are experienced by Autism and Dyslexia patients. Every type of disability is divided to several categories and sub-category to facilitate question's arrangement. This paper presents a review of Expert System for Special Education (ESSE), problems arises and the knowledge-based classification systems. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 2},
kata kunci = {Autisme, Centralized Decision Making, Classification System, Membuat keputusan, Kesilapan, Sistem Pakar, Interaksi Komputer Manusia, Human Errors, Knowledge Engineering, Knowledge Management, Knowledge-Based Classification, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Malaysia, Pendidikan Khas, Mengajar},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Amar20081,
tajuk = {Meeting the needs of children with disability in Malaysia},
pengarang = {H S S Amar},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-49749107033&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=968c527b940374a37322a599d3ccc812},
terbitan = {03005283},
tahun = {2008},
tarikh = {2008-01-01},
jurnal = {Medical Journal of Malaysia},
isi padu = {63},
nombor = {1},
halaman = {1-3},
nota = {dipetik oleh 20},
kata kunci = {Autisme, Behaviour Modification, Pembangunan kanak-kanak, Child Health Care, Anak-anak, Clinical Assessment, Membuat Keputusan Klinikal, Gangguan Perkembangan, Developmental Screening, Kanak-kanak Kurang Upaya, Editorial, Penjagaan Kesihatan, Penyampaian Penjagaan Kesihatan, Health Practitioner, Health Program, Tinjauan Kesihatan, Manusia, Kemerosotan Intelektual, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Malaysia, Pediatric Physiotherapy, Pediatric Rehabilitation, Physical Disability, Prasekolah, Public Health Service, Register, Kepekaan dan Kekhususan, Sensory Dysfunction, Penyesuaian Sosial, Social Welfare, Terapi ucapan, Support Group, United Kingdom, United States},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}

@artikel{Tan200817,
tajuk = {Reassessment on the development of children with disability in Malaysia},
pengarang = {K L Tan and H Yadav},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-49649115291&rakan kongsi = 40&md5=8838ddaa3d9906d8b696be13e88f1baa},
terbitan = {03005283},
tahun = {2008},
tarikh = {2008-01-01},
jurnal = {Medical Journal of Malaysia},
isi padu = {63},
nombor = {1},
halaman = {17-20},
abstrak = {This is a cohort study investigating the profile of children with disability registered with the primary health care clinics in Malaysia. The purpose of the study was to determine whether reassessment on the development of children with disability under rehabilitation should be done at three months interval or six months interval. Secondary data from the pilot project conducted by the Family Health Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia was used in this study. The study was carried out for seven months from 1st August 2004 until 28th February 2005. Sejumlah 168 disabled children followed up for six months were selected in this study. Schedule of Growing Scale (SGS) II was the tool used for analysis. Results showed a statistically significant difference in the mean total SGS score at six months interval but not at three months interval. The result suggests that reassessment on children with Down Syndrome, Autisme, Cerebral Palsy, mental retardation and delayed speech under rehabilitation should be carried out every six months while children with gross developmental delay and slow learner might need a longer interval for reassessment.},
nota = {dipetik oleh 5},
kata kunci = {Artikel, Autisme, Pembangunan kanak-kanak, Anak-anak, Clinical Assessment Tool, Analisis Kohort, Kajian Terkawal, Gangguan Perkembangan, Developmental Screening, Kanak-kanak Kurang Upaya, Sindrom Down, Keluarga, Perempuan, Susulan, Manusia, Bayi, Gangguan Pembelajaran, Kajian Klinikal Utama, Malaysia, Lelaki, Mental Deficiency, Patient Selection, Pediatric Rehabilitation, Prasekolah, Penjagaan Kesihatan Utama, Register, Gangguan Pertuturan, Statistical Significance},
pubstate = {diterbitkan},
tppubtype = {artikel}
}